period 1865-1900? The social issue that I feel greatly affected America after the Civil War is Chinese immigration. Citation: Stewart, James. Historians could not reconcile the complaints of farmers with evidence about the agricultural terms of trade— the prices farmers received for their output, especially relative to the prices of other goods and services farmers purchased such as transportation, credit, and manufactures. Economic historians have subjected the complaints of farmers to rigorous statistical testing. In the late 1800s, the avoidance of risk was much more costly. The standard of living of the modern age was born during this time of phenomenal transition. Analyze the ways in which technology, government policy, and economic conditions changed . As a result, increases in risk and uncertainty made farmers worse off. Within townships, Alliance members were able to pressure others to join the group. Farmers in the South also revolted, but their protests were muted by racism. “The Planting of English America” Bogue, Allan G. Money at Interest: The Farm Mortgage on the Middle Border. Most economic historians now believe that agrarian unrest reflected the growing risks and uncertainties of agriculture after the Civil War. 1 decade ago. The American economy was caught in transition on the eve of the Civil War. Rising farm productivity could have offset the negative effects of falling real prices on incomes. Finally, farmers complained about the political influence of the railroads, big business, and money lenders. Black farmers were excluded from most farm groups, and many white farmers were reluctant to join the attack on established politics and business for fear of undermining the system of social control that kept blacks inferior to whites (Goodwyn, 1978). Finally, as mentioned already, high interest rates were not a sign of monopoly but rather compensation to creditors for the greater risks of frontier lending (Eichengreen, 1984). Buck, Solon J. The changes in American agriculture was molded by three key factors, economic change, government policy and technology, in the period of 1865-1900.Technology helped facilitated production of good as well as their transportation. The Populist Moment: A Short History of the Agrarian Revolt in America. Now, however, there appears to be some consensus. The Industrial Revolution created better agricultural techniques, Why did farmers express discontent during 1870-1900 and what impact did their attitudes and actions have on national politics. Uncertainty or risk can be thought of as an economic force that reduces welfare. First, agriculture had become more commercial after the Civil War (Mayhew, 1972). Farm unrest was closely tied to the variability in farm prices, yields, and incomes across the northern states. Aldrich, Mark. Second, farmers alleged that monopolistic railroads and grain elevators charged unfair prices for their services. Some of theses changes helped American farmers. For a long time, a debate raged about the causes of farm unrest. The railroads had an enormous influence on agriculture. To extend on this idea, immigration grew alongside industry expansion. Paradoxes as well as contradictions have been expressed in describing previous time periods. I have identified one of each of these types of problems that I believe were among the most important during the period of 1865-1900. “An Economic Analysis of Midwestern Farm Values and Farm Land Income, 1860-1900.” Yale Economic Essays 5 (1965): 317-52. The farmers were now being abused by the railroad companies and banks. The period was one of persistent and acute political unrest. First, farmers claimed that farm prices were falling and, as a consequence, so were their incomes. 1776–1800. What were farmers so upset about? What specific developments Bowman, John. The change began in the 1870s. Judging by their political power, most farm interest groups were, however, able to curb free-riding. Nevertheless, one aspect of farm unrest that has largely been neglected by scholars is the sources of cooperation in promoting agrarian interests. In the 1600s enslaved Africans became a cheaper and more accessible production tool than indentured servants. Farmers formed cooperatives, interest groups, and political parties to protest their declining fortunes and to increase their political and economic power. experience? 1. For a long time, a debate raged about the causes of farm unrest. The United States was expanding its economic interests around the globe and emerging as a world power. Two particular groups became popular, The Best and Worst of the American Industrial Revolution In 1886, the U.S. Supreme Court had ruled in Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway v. Illinois that only the federal government had the right to regulate commerce between the states. Colonial Times 1607 -1775 New farming equipment gave … “Economic Losses from Forecasting Error in Agriculture.” Journal of Political Economy 88 (1980): 234-57. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1931. What had been an almost purely agricultural economy in 1800 was in the first stages of an industrial revolution which would result in the United States becoming one of the world's leading industrial powers by 1900. The, The Civil War, which took place between 1861 and 1865, was fought over the Southern states’ return to the United States after their secession and the issue of slavery in America. 2. 2006. The time period in which steps were taken to rebuild the nation is known as reconstruction. This laws were later found unconstitutional by Supreme Court, and were replaced by the commerce act of 1887.This was not the, Essay on American Education in the 1800's, Discrimination and Civil Rights in America Essay, The Symbolism of Water in A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway, Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By In America, by Barbara Ehrenreich. As a response to this, government passed the granger laws in Illinois, which protected farmers from being abused or discriminated through the high tariffs on exporting their goods. Its members practiced cooperative marketing and lobbied the government for various kinds of business and banking regulation. The Effects of Technology, Government Policy, and Economic Conditions on American Agriculture During 1865-1900 From the expanding of railroads country wide, to limiting laws on the goods farmers sold and transportation of the goods,to starvation of the economy, agriculture began to take its own shape from 1865 through to 1900 in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978. 1. Hicks, John D. The Populist Revolt: A History of the Farmers’ Alliance and the People’s Party. This story casts doubt on the exploitation hypothesis. Lenders, however, may have been well justified in the rates they charged. 1913. The documents in DBQ 8 show rationality for the farmer’s protests, exclusively on bank mortgage tariffs and the gold standard. Farmers also sought redress of their grievances at the federal level. The American economy was caught in transition on the eve of the Civil War. Part 1: Colonial Period to Civil War More important, over the whole period, there was little decrease in rail rates relative to farm prices. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. A series of droughts there between 1870 and 1900 created recurring hardships, and Midwestern grain farmers faced growing price competition from producers abroad. They concerned farmers’ declining incomes and fractious business relationships primarily. leadership skills, and relations with the Indians. Now, however, there appears to be some consensus. Hughes, Jonathan T. The Government Habit Redux: Economic Controls from Colonial Times to the Present. This legislation was followed by the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, which prohibited monopolies and certain conspiracies, combinations, and restraints of trade. McGuire, Robert A. From the expanding of railroads country wide, to limiting laws on the merchandise farmers sold and transportation of the goods, to starvation of the economy, agriculture began to take its own shape from 1865 … 21. This meant the states could not regulate many matters of concern to farmers. The Gilded Age, lasting from 1865 to World War I, was an era of economic growth never before seen in the history of the world. Farmers were able to produce more goods, yet they overproduced and it resulted in economic hardship for them. Growth and Welfare in the American Past: A New Economic History. North, Douglass. In your answer be sure to evaluate farmers’ responses to these changes (2007 DBQ) 22. Analyze the ways in which technology, government policy, and economic conditions changed American agriculture in the period 1865 – 1900. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1974. Ulen, Thomas C. “The Market for Regulation: The ICC from 1887 to 1920.” American Economic Review 70 (1980): 306-10. Analyze the ways in which techonology, government policy, and economic conditions changed american agriculture in the period 1865-1900; How Important Was The Reconstruction Period Of 1865-1877 In The Development Of African American … Manufacturing hit a huge growth rate during this period which cause agriculture to decline, and cause farmers to struggle to make a living. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965. in what ways did technology,government policy, and economic conditions change American agriculture in the..? Technology, government policy, and economic conditions effectively declined agriculture politically, industrially, and economically. In 1887, Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act, which gave the Interstate Commerce Commission regulatory oversight over long distance rail shipping. These appear to have the most merit. They also prompted a series of landmark court rulings affirming the regulatory prerogatives of government (Hughes, 1991). illustrate that the English living in the plantation colonies tried to apply these Following the Civil War, Americans tried to reconstruct their government and society. A growing body of research now supports the hypothesis that discontent was caused by increasing risks and uncertainties in U.S. agriculture. • Improved farm machinery, irrigation, and … These uncertainties and risks appear to have been particularly severe for farmers on the frontier. Historians estimated that six to seven million enslaved Africans were plucked from their homeland in the 1700s. Third, agriculture was now occurring in the semi-arid region of the United States. Only in the 1890s did the terms of trade begin to improve in farmers’ favor. 1. Employing different data, Aldrich (1985) finds a downward trend in railroad rates before 1880 but then no trend or an increasing trend thereafter. (73) Almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. What were the sources of risk? Analyze the ways in which technology, government policy, and economic conditions changed American agriculture in the period 1865-1900. Part of this expansion was geographical. To extend on this idea, changes included the increase on exported goods, do the availability of products as well as the improved traveling system of rail roads. In the period 1865-1900, technology, government policy, and economic conditions all changed American agriculture a great deal. In response to the complaints of farmers, Midwestern state legislatures enacted a series of laws regulating the prices and practices of railroads, grain elevators, and warehouses. Third, Populist agitation in Kansas in the 1890s coincided with unexpected variability in crop prices that resulted in lost profits and lower incomes (DeCanio, 1980). Stated from A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens, “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times...for the good or for the evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only” (Dickens 1). 1890 : 1870-1900. The farmers of this time responded to these changes. To extend on this idea, changes included the increase on exported goods, do the availability of products as well as the improved traveling system of rail roads. The farmers of this time responded to these changes. For instance, borrowers often defaulted, leaving land worth only a fraction of the loan as security. The period of 1865 – 1900 was a time that filled most American agricultural workers and farmers with frustration, despair, and panic. First, real prices (farm prices relative to the general price level) are a better measure of the value that farmers were receiving for their output. Some of theses changes helped American farmers. Specifically, Dickens had referred this quote to a French revolution, but the statement can pertain to many other historical events and continues through, Americans suffered many economic, social, and political problems in the post-Civil War era. Both laws marked the beginning of growing federal involvement in private economic activity (Hughes, 1991; Ulen, 1987). Compare and contrast, priorities, the labor movement prospered, in times where businesses and profitability were the priority, the labor movement faltered. Although farmers in every region of the country had cause for agitation, unrest was probably greatest in the northern prairie and Plains states. This does not imply, however, that farm incomes were also falling. Teacher The period of 1865-1900 was one of the most crucial times in American history. Wealth exploded. 1. 3 May 2011 American Argument Over The Foreign Policy In The 1900. Course Number Discuss English treatment of the Irish and its consequence (10pts) First, there are strong correlations between different measures of economic risk and uncertainty and the geographic distribution of unrest in fourteen northern states between 1866 and 1909 (McGuire, 1981; 1982). The massive influx of industry that it brought with it changed the lives of millions of people. In the two decades before the, Assignment 1: If anything, data on wages, land rents, and returns to capital suggest that land in the West was opened to settlement too slowly (Fogel and Rutner, 1972). Available at http://www.reed.edu/~stewartj. Farmers began to cultivate vast areas of needed crops … Technology, government policy and economic conditions changed American agriculture in the period 1865-1900. Moreover they were discontented with the approach that the government had taken towards the situation. In Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas, farmers encountered unfamiliar and adverse growing conditions. Moreover, even if real farm prices had been falling, farmers were not necessarily worse off (Fogel and Rutner, 1972). Favorite Answer. If the monopoly power of the railroads and creditors was not responsible for farmers’ woes, what or who was? In the 1890s, aggrieved farmers took their most ambitious steps yet, forming the independent People’s or Populist Party to challenge the dominance of the unsympathetic Republican and Democratic parties. The complaints of farmers are well documented (Buck, 1913; Hicks, 1931) and relatively uncontroversial. Second, unrest was highest in states with high rates of farm foreclosures (Stock, 1986). In the seventeenth century, New England Puritans tried to create a model society. For example, African Americans gained the rights to freedom, citizenship and suffrage through the 13th, 14th, 15th amendments, otherwise known as the Reconstruction Amendments. Government policies led to Supreme Court cases and acts to try to help the citizens. Mayhew, Anne. From the era of Reconstruction to the end of the 19th century, the United States underwent an economic transformation marked by the maturing of the industrial economy, the rapid expansion of big business, the development of large-scale agriculture, and the rise of national labor unions and industrial conflict. “Free-riding, Collective Action, and Farm Interest Group Membership.” Reed College Working Paper, 2006. Stewart, James I. A falling price level increased the real burden of debt, as farmers repaid loans with dollars worth significantly more than those they had borrowed. The most significant change for the North was the increased presence of the federal government in the economy. Anonymous. American agriculture in the period 1865-1900. Finally, regarding the burden on borrowers of a falling price level, deflation may have been not as onerous as farmers alleged. Naturally, frontier farmers complained bitterly about paying so much for credit. The Industrial Revolution that rocked America's economic and social structure was a magnificent tool of change. The period of 1865 – 1900 was a time that filled most American agricultural workers and farmers with frustration, despair, and panic. Though the war was over, there were still many problems that needed to be resolved in order to reunite the states as a nation. Through the period of 1865-1900, America’s agriculture underwent a series of changes .Changes that were a product of influential role that technology, government policy and economic conditions played. 2. The Gilded Age, lasting from 1865 to World War I, was an era of economic growth never before seen in the history of the world. New technology allowed farmers to … Farmers believed that interest rates were too high because of monopolistic lenders, and the money supply was inadequate, producing deflation. A SELECTION OF PAST AP U.S. FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS: When real prices over the post-Civil War period are examined, there is an approximately horizontal trend (North, 1974). The defining feature of farm unrest was the efforts of farmers to join together for mutual gain. The first such group to appear was The Grange or Patrons of Husbandry, founded in the 1860s to address farmers’ grievances against the railroads and desire for greater cooperation in business matters. how did technology, government policy, & economic conditions changes American Agriculture during 1865-1900? Farmers demanded ceilings on interest rates, public boards to mediate foreclosure proceedings, and the U.S. Treasury to coin silver freely to increase the money supply. In the period 1865-1900, technology, government policy, and economic conditions all changed American agriculture a great deal. Higgs, Robert. The Farmers’ Alliance appeared in the 1880s. c. economic conditions: A, E, H, sharecropping crippled farmers in south, Panic of 1893 Analyze the ways in which technology, government policy, and economic conditions changed American agriculture in the period 1865-1900. evaluate farmers' responses to these changes. Some regions experienced periods of distress—Iowa and Illinois in the 1870s and Kansas and Nebraska in the 1890s, for instance—but there was no general agricultural depression. The railroads had an enormous influence on agriculture. The specific concerns of farmers were varied, but at their core was what farmers perceived to be their deteriorating political and economic status. Real rates (railroad rates relative to the prices farmers received for their output) were highly variable between 1865 and 1900. African Americans: The Loss and Gain of Freedom(1865-1900; American Influence after 1900; Analyze the ways in which techonology, government policy, and economic conditions changed american agriculture in the period 1865-1900 “A Note on Railroad Rates and the Populist Uprising.” Agricultural History 41 (1985): 835-52. On the frontier, the typical farmer would have had a neighbor whose farm was seized by creditors and thus cause to worry about his own future financial security. It is true that interest rates on the frontier were high, averaging two to three percentage points more than those in the Northeast. • Boom and bust economic cycles (panic and prosperity) occurred between 1865 and 1900. They were able to charge the farmers large fees, expenses that farmers barely had … First, the Dakota Farmers’ Alliance provided valuable goods and services to its members that were not available to outsiders, creating economic incentives for membership. Typing Pool at NCR Corporation, ca. For more land became accessible for sale, which was an advantage to those whom jobs (like those building railroads or working in companies near them) called for them to live near. What were their aspirations, and to what extent were those aspirations fulfilled during the seventeenth century? DeCanio, Stephen J. Farm unrest had profound and lasting consequences for American economic development. Republican Congresses during the Civil War passed a series of laws that restructured the relationship between the government and the market and set the stage for the Gilded Age. Reconstruction and Industrialization 1865-1900 This is consistent with long-standing social norms of cooperation in Germany and Norway and economic theory about the use of social norms to elicit cooperation in collective action. This strategy appears to have succeeded among German and Norwegian immigrants, who were much more likely than others to join the Dakota Farmers’ Alliance and whose probability of joining was increasing in the share of their nativity group in the township population. “The Efficiency Effects of Federal Land Policy, 1850-1900: A Report of Some Provisional Findings.” In The Dimensions of Quantitative Research in History, edited by Wayne O. Aydelotte, Allan G. Bogue and Robert W. Fogel. (25 pts) Furthermore, when the claims of farmers were subjected to rigorous statistical testing, there was little evidence to substantiate the monopoly hypothesis (Eichengreen, 1984). “Economic Causes of Late Nineteenth Century Agrarian Unrest: New Evidence.” Journal of Economic History 41 (1981): 835-52. Libecap, Gary D. “The Rise of the Chicago Packers and the Origins of Meat Inspection and Antitrust.” Economic Inquiry 30 (1992): 242-62. (83) Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991. Historians disagree about the legacy of the late nineteenth century farm movements. American agriculture underwent many changes through out the late 1800 s to the early 1900 s. What lessons do you think English colonists learned from their early Jamestown For instance, many Alliance and Populist demands such as the graduated income tax and the direct election of U.S. Government regulation was the farmers’ solution to the problem of monopoly. Before exploring the basis for this consensus, it will be useful to examine briefly the complaints of farmers. Free Essay / Term Paper: Agriculture 1865- 1900 Analyze the ways in which technology, government policy, and economic conditions changed American agriculture in the period 1865-1900. Focus on matters of fulfilling expectations, financial support, Some view their contributions to U.S. institutional development positively (Hicks, 1931), while others do not (Hughes, 1991). 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